Alfred Sisley, French Impressionist Landscape Painter

Alfred Sisley (October 30, 1839 - January 29, 1899) was a French impressionist painter who straddled British and French national identification. Although he received far less praise than some of his contemporaries, he was one of the key artists who began the French impressionist movement. Fast Facts: Alfred Sisley Born: October 30, 1839 in Paris, FranceDied: January 29, 1899 in Moret-sur-Loing, FranceProfession: PainterSpouse: Eugenie LesouezecChildren: Pierre and JeanneArtistic Movement: ImpressionismSelected Works: The Bridge in Argenteuil (1872), Regatta at Molesey (1874), Barges on the Loing at Saint-Mammes (1885)Notable Quote: The animation of the canvas is one of the hardest problems of painting. Early Life and Training Born in Paris, France, the son of wealthy British parents, Alfred Sisley grew up and lived most of his life in France, but he never renounced his British citizenship. His father operated a business exporting silk and artificial flowers. Sisleys mother was extremely knowledgeable about music. In 1857, the parents sent young Albert to London to study for a career in commercial trade. While there, he visited the National Gallery and examined the work of the painters John Constable and J.M.W. Turner. In 1861, Albert Sisley returned to Paris, and a year later began art studies at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. There, he met fellow painters Claude Monet and Pierre-Auguste Renoir. They frequently took trips to paint landscapes outdoors in an effort to realistically capture the changing impact of sunlight throughout the day. Sisley met Eugenie Lesouezec in 1866. Together, they had two children, Pierre, born in 1867, and Jeanne, born in 1869. Although they remained together until Eugenies death in 1898, they didnt marry until August 5, 1897. In 1870, due to the impact of the Franco-Prussian War, Sisleys fathers business failed. Sisley and his family lived in poverty for the rest of his life, surviving on the income from selling his paintings. The value of his works didnt increase significantly until after his death. The Seine at Point du Jour (1877). Hulton Fine Art / Getty Images Landscape Painter Camille Pissarro and Edouard Manet were primary influences on the style and subject matter of Albert Sisleys paintings. Pissarro and Manet were key figures who provided a bridge to the development of impressionism in the latter part of the 19th century. Sisleys primary subject was landscape painting, and he often depicted dramatic skies. The painting The Bridge in Argenteuil, painted in 1872, shows Sisleys primary interest in the landscape and architecture of the bridge despite the presence of strolling people in the painting. He boldly depicts the clouds in the sky and the rippling effect of waves in the water. The Bridge in Argenteuil (1872). Mondadori Portfolio / Getty Images Barges on the Loing at Saint-Mammes, painted in 1885, shows the bold colors created by the intense sunlight of a warm summer day. The reflections of the buildings along the beach are shown broken up by the movement of the water, and the eye is drawn through perspective to a railway viaduct in the distance. Friendship With Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Claude Monet Alfred Sisley became close friends with Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Claude Monet, two of the most prominent impressionists. The trio often painted and socialized together. Sisley was close enough to Renoir that the latter painted multiple portraits of Sisley both alone and with his partner, Eugenie. Albert Sisley painted by Pierre-Auguste Renoir. Yorck Project / Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain Sisley was never as prominent in the Paris art scene as his two close friends. Some observers theorize that is due to the fact that Sisley insisted on embracing both his French and British roots, straddling two cultures, while his better-known colleagues were French through and through. Later Career Constantly seeking a lower cost of living due to struggling to get by on his income from selling paintings, Sisley moved his family to small villages in the French countryside. Late in his career, he began focusing more intently on architecture as a subject in his art. An 1893 series of paintings focuses on a church in the village of Moret-sur-Loing. He also painted a series of depictions of the Rouen Cathedral in the 1890s. Barges on the Loing at Saint-Mammes (1885). Heritage Images / Getty Images Albert and Eugenie traveled to Great Britain for a final time in 1897. They married each other in Wales and stayed along the coast where Sisley executed nearly 20 paintings. In October, they returned to France. Eugenie died several months later, and Albert Sisley followed her to the grave in January 1899. To assist with the financial needs of the children Sisley left behind, his good friend Claude Monet arranged an auction of the artists paintings in May 1899. View of Fontainebleau Wood (1885). Mondadori Portfolio / Getty Images Legacy Alfred Sisley received little acclaim during his lifetime. However, he was one of the founding artists of French impressionism. His early paintings provide a link between the neo-impressionistic works of artists such as Edouard Manet, and key impressionists such as Claude Monet and Pierre-Auguste Renoir, both good friends of Alfred Sisley. Some also see Sisley as a rightful predecessor to the work with light and color in the paintings of Paul Cezanne. Source Shone, Richard. Sisley. Harry N. Abrams, 1992.

Willa Cathers Issues with Realism and The Barn Burner,...

1. Willa Cather 2. Willa Cather and the Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne 3. The Barn Burner 4. A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner 1. Willa Cather seems to take issue with the bland and boring nature of realism above all else. She notes that realism is not in itself an artistic expression, yet so many art forms from literature to paintings—particularly from her time period—portray little more than the realism of our world. In her mind, the literalness that is realism can be successfully integrated in art, but it must be done in a specific way for it to qualify as true art. The literalism needs to fuse with the emotions and experiences of the characters and simply remain as a simple component of the artistic experience rather than the entire focus. The novelists and other artists of her time that she mentions and feels have placed too much focus on realism in their work are not real artists in her mind. Overall it seems that Cather believed that the growing prominence of realism within art forms in her time was leading to their downfall and their loss of true artistic expression. As she stated wi thin â€Å"The Novel Dà ©meublà ©,†If the novel is a form of imaginative art, it cannot be at the same time a vivid and brilliant form of journalism† (par. 7). Through this quote, she is essentially getting her aforementioned message across by comparing realism in art to mere journalism—the mere relaying of facts and realities without a shred of creativity or imagination

Visit The Cosmic Pillars of Creation, Again

Do you remember the first time you saw the Pillars of Creation? This cosmic object and the ghostly images of it that showed up in January 1995, made by astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope, captured peoples imaginations with their beauty. The PIllars are part of a a starbirth region similar to the Orion Nebula and others in our own galaxy where hot young stars are heating up clouds of gas and dust and where stellar EGGs (short for evaporating gaseous globules) are still forming stars that may someday light up that part of the galaxy.  Ã‚   The clouds that make up the Pillars are seeded with young protostellar objects—essentially starbabies—hidden away from our view. Or, at least they were until astronomers developed a way to use infrared-sensitive instruments to look through those clouds to get at the babies within. The image here is the result of Hubbles ability to peer past the veil that hides starbirth from our prying eyes. The view is amazing.   Now Hubble has been pointed again toward the the famous pillars. Its Wide-Field 3 camera captured the multi-colored glow of the nebulas gas clouds, revealed wispy tendrils of dark cosmic dust, and looks at the rust-coloured elephants’ trunk-shaped pillars. The telescopes   visible-light image it took provided an updated, sharper view of the scene that so caught everyones attention in 1995.   In addition to this new visible-light image, Hubble has provided a detailed view that youd get if you could strip away the clouds of gas and dust hiding the stellar newborns in the pillars, which is what an infrared light view gives you the ability to do.    Infrared penetrates much of the obscuring dust and gas and unveils a more unfamiliar view of the pillars, transforming them into wispy silhouettes set against a background peppered with stars. Those newborn stars, hidden in the visible-light view, show up clearly as they form within the pillars themselves. Although the original image was dubbed the Pillars of Creation, this new image shows that they are also pillars of destruction.    How does that work?   There are hot, young stars out of the field of view in these images, and they emit strong radiation which destroys the dust and gas in these pillars. Essentially, the pillars are being eroded by strong winds from those massive young stars. The ghostly bluish haze around the dense edges of the pillars in the visible-light view is material that is being heated by bright young stars and evaporating away. So, its entirely possible that the young stars that havent cleared their pillars could be choked off from forming further as their older siblings cannibalize the gas and dust they need to form.   Ironically, the same radiation that tears apart the pillars is also responsible for lighting them up and causing the gas and dust to glow so that Hubble can see them.   These arent the only clouds of gas and dust that are being sculpted by the action of hot, young stars. Astronomers find such intricate clouds around the Milky Way Galaxy—and in nearby galaxies as well. We know they exist in such places as the Carina nebula(in the southern hemisphere sky) which also contains a spectacular supermassive star about to blow up called Eta Carinae.   And, as astronomers use Hubble and other telescopes to study these places over long periods of time, they can trace motions in the clouds (presumably by jets of material flowing away from the hidden hot young stars, for example), and watch as the forces of star creation do their thing.   The Pillars of Creation lie about 6,500 light-years away from us and is part of a larger cloud of gas and dust called the Eagle Nebula, in the constellation Serpens.

Essay about How To Communicate In A Relationship - 816 Words

How to Communicate in a Relatioship nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;1 Henry Roose Marion Fekete Writing 151 6 December, 1996 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The hardest skill to master in order to maintain a successful, loving relationship is communication. Being unable to express ones thoughts clearly and accurately is a heavy burden to bear when trying to hold a conversation. It often causes misunderstandings and unnessary arguments. Plainly expressing ones thoughts is a†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Sarcasm is often a pitfall for communication. When a person states an idea one way but means it in a totally different way, it is no wonder that he or she will be misunderstood. With just a slight change in the tone of voice, which many times may go unnoticed, the sarcasm might lose its humorous connotations and accidentally become hurtful. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;This is also true with facial expressions. They can be misinterpreted and then become a stumbling block for the rest of the conversation. When talking with your partner keep in mind that 75% of what we communicate is body language. Be careful not to imply anything with facial expressions or other body language that you do not intend. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Expressing full, complete, ideas are extremely important. If you are mad, tell your partner that you are and tell him or her the reason of the aggravation. If you express an emotion, be ready to describe it and expose its cause. It is important that you have enough trust in your partner that you can tell him or her anything. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"There is much to be said about a good listener. They are kind, compassionate, and humble.† The ability to listen to someone and fully understand him or her is definitely a talent. Such a talent is admirable. If a healthy and fruitful relationship is the goal its members should strive to become better listeners. ThereShow MoreRelatedHow Do Men and Woman Communicate Differently in Relationships?1784 Words   |  8 PagesHow do men and woman communicate differently in relationships? Monique Giresi Professor Martin Analytical Reading 81148 I. A. How To Stay Married Anne Kingston Magazine Article B. He Said, She Said Deborah Tannen Magazine Article II. A. The magazine article titled, â€Å"How to Stay Married,† begins with a story about a 68-year old woman named Cynthia. The article has a narrative style of writing in the beginning, however as one reads on, theRead MoreHow Social Background Affects Relationships And The Way People Communicate1519 Words   |  7 Pagesxplain how: Social background Professional background Cultural background Affect relationships and the way people communicate. Social- Some children grow up in socially disadvantaged areas, poor housing conditions, low income households and single parent families, this in turn may affect a child’s learning development and restrict communication, and how you approach a family whose child may be affected due to their social background circumstances should be aware of the manner in which you approachRead More1.3 Explain how different social, professional and cultural contexts may affect relationships and the way people communicate.813 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿1.3 Explain how different social, professional and cultural contexts may affect relationships and the way people communicate. 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The ability to have a healthy loving relationship is a lot of work, give and take, and comprising of one’s individual wants and needs. Whatever you put in, the more you can get back; relationships are investments. However if the relationship is not working, it can be an astronomicalRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our Lives987 Words   |  4 Pageshas become the new way to communicate in today’s m illennium generation. Individuals are using phones as a part of their everyday lives. Apps and online resources have been greatly used to communicate with others. According to the author’s, technology could be the reason for building or ruining relationships. Whether or not technology could be building relationships, I believe technology is destroying communication between friends and family. Due to technology, relationships are being negatively affectedRead MoreRelationship Between Romantic Couples And The Middle East947 Words   |  4 PagesThere are lots of complicated relationships in the world and some are too complex for saying if they are â€Å"good† or â€Å"bad.† America’s relationships with some foreign countries, like China or the countries of the Middle East, are examples of these complex relationships. There are individuals that also have complex relationships with other individuals and there are extremely simple relationships. No matter how complex or basic the relationship, all successful relationships have one thing in common: goodRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effect On Society1644 Words   |  7 PagesWhether it is Facebook, Twitter or some other form. We all use it to express and communicate our thoughts and feelings about ourselves and the world. Because of this many people do not know how to communicate face to face anymore and many times even hide behind their keyboard. Keller (2013), Quotes Paul Booth an assistant professor of media and cinema studies saying â€Å"There has been a shift in the way we communicate; rather than face-to-face interaction, we’re tending to prefer mediated communicationRead MoreImportance Of Interpersonal Communication996 Words   |  4 PagesTaking this Interpersonal Communication course has opened my eyes to the importance of effective communication as it relates to relationships. The information that I’ve learned has inspired me to take a deeper look into how I c ommunicate with my husband. It has also provided an understanding regarding the differences in how he and I communicate. The communication style that I use is expressive, the style he uses is instrumental. He also interprets communication different than myself. I ve also noticed

Marriages are Made in Heaven Free Essays

Wearing the school uniform, Yu arrived at the food shop operated by her parents in Taichung. â€Å"Mom,† said Yu, â€Å"Give me a sandwich for lunch†¦ quick please! I’m going to be late.† â€Å"So why didn’t you have your lunch in school? You won’t be late if you did do so†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The mother mumbled. We will write a custom essay sample on Marriages are Made in Heaven or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"I’m sorry.† Yu dared not to argue with her mother. After fetching the sandwich, she had to rush to school in a hurry. She’s only young once. That year she was a seventeen-year-old girl in Taiwan. That was a sunny day. When Yu was on her way home, she saw a group of people filming movie in the street. â€Å"Action!† A man with sun-glasses shouted. Driven by curiosity, Yu stood aside and watched. Suddenly a man came into her sight— he was ordinary and was about twenty something years old. He sat on the stairs nearby for taking a rest. Yu noticed that he hurt his leg. He was bleeding! Being always kind-hearted, she went in front of the man, gave him a tissue paper and then asked him softly, â€Å"Are you alright?† â€Å"Thanks,† The man nodded and smiled, â€Å"I’m fine. It doesn’t matter.† It was about half past six already. Yu could not go back home too late or else she would be punished, â€Å"I need to go now†¦ bye!† â€Å"Bye,† the man responded. â€Å"What a lovely girl!† he thought. It had been one week since the day Yu met the man. From that day onward, Yu went and watched the movie filming after school everyday. She did enjoy watching it. But, somehow she found that chatting with that man named Paul was indeed much more fun. â€Å"Yu, why are you so late again?† mother asked. â€Å"Sorry mom,† Yu answered, â€Å"I have so many things to do in school these days.† Yu returned to her bedroom, writing her diary: â€Å"Watching the movie filming after school has become part of my daily life! Paul is so humorous! He told me lots of things today. Surprisingly, he was born in a poor family in Hong Kong; this made him not to have the chance of studying in secondary school. Therefore, he started working when he was just about 14 years old. With relative low educational level but has a great knowledge in Chinese kung fu, he applied for the movie stunt man†¦ Well I think Paul’s life is extra-ordinary. By the way, he got much better now. I mean the new cut on his hand has healed up already! Thanks God! Besides, he†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  Paul gave a bunch of red roses to Yu. â€Å"Happy birthday!† he said. Yu was glad, â€Å"thank you so much! This is my first time receiving flowers†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Yu,† Paul felt a bit embarrassed, â€Å"Could I†¦ have dinner with you tonight?† â€Å"Sure!† Yu answered, â€Å"But let me go home and get dressed first.† â€Å"Okay. I will wait for you in front of the Good Luck Restaurant. See you!† Paul said. Yu was really excited. Paul always gave her a surprise. He was great. So far, he was the only one who would give her such special feelings. â€Å"Mom,† Yu said, â€Å"I need to go out for dinner†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"With whom?† mother wondered, â€Å"And why? We have prepared something to celebrate your birthday already†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"With my friends†¦ I mean my classmates. They have booked a table in the restaurant to celebrate with me, that’s why I couldn’t refuse them. I promise you, I will go back home before ten o’clock and then celebrate with you again†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Yu went out of her bedroom. She was already dressed and prepared to go out, â€Å"I need to go now. Bye mom!† She went out quickly, leaving her mother looking at the bunch of roses questioningly, â€Å"What’s going on with my daughter?† Paul and Yu were sitting at the table near the windows of the Good Luck Restaurant. â€Å"Yu, do you know†¦ it has been thirty-three days since I first met you.† Paul said. â€Å"Oh you still remember?† Yu was delighted. â€Å"Yes I do. I remember†¦ every moment being with you†¦ always.† They smiled, looking at each other. After that Paul abased his head, â€Å"actually, the movie filming is going to finish within these few days.† â€Å"Oh†¦ where will you go then?† Yu was nervous. â€Å"I will go back to Hong Kong†¦ I may not see you in the near future. Therefore, I want to tell you something important before I leave†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Paul said it seriously, â€Å"Yu, I don’t want to be your friend†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"What?† Yu didn’t understand. Paul fixed his eyes on Yu, â€Å"I mean, I want to be your boyfriend!† â€Å"Boy†¦ boyfriend?† â€Å"Yes. Because I love you†¦ truly lov e you that I can no longer treat you as my ordinary friend!† Time was still. It seemed that they were the only two people in the whole world†¦ Yu had got into a big trouble. Those days without Paul were lengthy and lonely. Every time when she thought of the time being with Paul, every time when she thought of the words Paul told her on her birthday, every time when she thought of the promise made by Paul†¦ it was really a kind of torture! Nothing would be sadder than two people who love each other so much being separated. Paul had gone for nearly a year already. In these days, Yu could only communicate with him by writing letters. If it was possible, Yu would phone him. They missed each other a lot and their love never stopped growing. Sometimes, when Yu was in a weak moment, she wondered if the relationship between her and Paul could keep long. Paul was in Hong Kong whereas she was in Taiwan. She promised him she would write many many letters to him, but was it enough to maintain their love? Would their love be a â€Å"soon got, soon gone† one? He promised her he would marry her when he got enough money, but was it a joke? Would it be fulfilled? Hardly could Yu see her future through a mist. Anyway she would wait for Paul. Yu’s mother noticed her daughter’s suspicious acts, having checked her daughter’s diary and letters, she knew that her daughter had fallen in love with a guy called â€Å"Paul†. She started questioning and arguing with Yu, â€Å"tell me!† she shouted at Yu, â€Å"who is Paul? You think that I know nothing else right?† Yu was angry too, â€Å"I want to ask you too! Why did you read my diary and letters without asking me? You never respect me!† Yu cried, â€Å"I don’t understand why you never give me the freedom to do what I want to do!† Mother bemused. Never could she think that her daughter would talk to her in this way. The â€Å"cold war† between Yu and her mother thus broke out. They stopped talking to each other for nearly half month. Yu’s father, who was always a clam but a mind reader, understood everything clearly and tried to do something rebuilding the relationship between Yu and her mother. â€Å"Yu,† father told her, â€Å"you should tell your mother what you feel. And, if it can be done, introduce that guy to your mom.† Yu was worried, â€Å"Paul will come to Taiwan again next week. He said, he’s going to marry me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"And do you wish to? Are you sure? Marry in haste, and repent at leisure†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Yu’s father was shocked, but he kept calm. â€Å"I did think about it deeply before.† Yu said, â€Å"Marriage is a lottery. Once you meet your Mr. Right, you should not give him up. I truly know what I am doing, what I am looking for.† â€Å"So bring him here,† Father promised, â€Å"I will always support you.† A tense atmosphere. Sitting on the sofa, mother stared at Paul. â€Å"Yu told me that†¦ you are a movie stunt man?† â€Å"Yes auntie† Paul answered politely. â€Å"Maintaining a family is not easy. It is the responsibility for a man to take good care of his family†¦ provide all the best for his family†¦ you know what I mean?† â€Å"I have stable salaries. And, I live in a flat in Hong Kong with my mom†¦ though it’s not very big. I have the ability to take good care of my family— I’m sure, though I’m not rich†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Paul stressed. â€Å"So have you studied in any university†¦ or any secondary school?† Mother was being so mean. â€Å"No,† Paul replied, â€Å"but I don’t think that it’s a big problem— at least, I can earn a living now†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Fine. Do you think that Yu can accommodate herself to a strange place? If she goes to Hong Kong with you†¦ I will†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Yuâ €™s mother couldn’t control her emotion. She was in tears. â€Å"Mom,† Yu also melt into tears, â€Å"I know you love me so much†¦ But the point is, I don’t want to marry a person that I know that I can live with; I only want to marry someone that I cannot live without!† In silence. Yu’s father touched her wife on the shoulder, â€Å"let her go†¦ she has the right to choose.† In the wedding ceremony, the bridegroom and the bridge were a good match. â€Å"Yu,† Paul said, â€Å"I will make a good match for you.† Yu smiled, â€Å"later, I can prove to my dad and mom that, I had made a good match too.† This is the end of this story. However, it is just a new start between Paul and Yu. Their own story will continue, until the end of their lives. How to cite Marriages are Made in Heaven, Papers

Development, Displacement and Resettlement free essay sample

‘Development’ is a concept which is contested both theoretically and politically, and is inherently both complex and ambiguous. The term â€Å"development† encompasses continuous ‘change’ in a variety of aspects of human society. The dimensions of development are extremely diverse, including economic, social, political, legal and institutional structures, technology in various forms (including the physical or natural sciences, engineering and communications), the environment, religion, the arts and culture. Development-induced displacement  and resettlement, subset of  forced migration can be defined as forcing of communities and individuals out of their homes, often also their homelands, for the purposes of  economic development. It is associated with the construction of dams for  hydroelectric power  , irrigation purposes and many other activities such as  mining  ,creation of military installations, airports, industrial plants, railways, road developments, urbanization, conservation projects, forestry, etc. Development-induced displacement is a social problem affecting multiple levels of human organization, from tribal and village communities to well-developed urban areas. Sustainable development  refers to a mode of human development in which  resource  use aims to meet human needs while preserving the  environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for generations to come. It is the forcing of communities and individuals out of their homes, often also their homelands, for the ostensible purpose of social and human development, but which is actually nothing more than economic growth and the benefits accruing from such almost never if ever percolate down to the ones that bear its costs. EFFECTS OF DISPLACEMENT There is virtually no limit to what can be called a development project. It can range from a small-scale infrastructure or mining project to a mega hydropower plant construction; can be public or private, well-planned or ushed into. Land-based development initiatives may and often do cause physical and economic displacement that results in impoverishment and disempowerment of affected populations. Despite decades of experience and study on development-induced displacement and resettlement, the severity of the problem persists, with its adverse impacts not yet being effectively addressed. According to Cernea , an American-Romanian social scientistà ‚  ,there are eight interlinked potential risks intrinsic to displacement and they are: 1. Landlessness, Joblessness and Homelessness: Expropriation of land removes the main foundation upon which peoples productive systems, commercial activities, and livelihoods are constructed. The risk of losing wage employment is very high both in urban and rural displacements for those employed in enterprises, services or agriculture. Yet creating new jobs is difficult and requires substantial investment. Loss of shelter tends to be only temporary for many people being resettled; but, for some, homelessness or a worsening in their housing standards remains a lingering condition. In a broader cultural sense, loss of a familys individual home and the loss of a groups cultural space tend to result in alienation and status deprivation. 2. Marginalisation. Marginalisation occurs when families lose economic power and slide downwards: middle-income farm households do not become landless, but become small landholders; small shopkeepers and craftsmen are downsized and slip below poverty thresholds. 3. Increased Morbidity Vulnerability to illness is increased, and unsafe water supply and wasted systems tend to proliferate infectious diseases. . Food Insecurity. Forced uprooting increases the risk that people will fall into chronic food insecurity. Sudden drops in food crops availability and/or income are certain during physical relocation. 5. Loss of Access to Common Property. For poor people, particularly for the landless and otherwise assetless, loss of access to non-individual, common property assets belonging to communities that are relocated (forested lands, wate r bodies, grazing lands, etc. represents a cause of income and livelihoods deterioration that is systematically overlooked and typically uncompensated in government schemes. 6. Social Disarticulation. The dismantling of communities’ social organisation structures, the dispersal of informal and formal networks, associations, local societies, etc. , is an expensive yet unquantified loss of social capital. Such ‘elusive’ disintegration processes undermine livelihoods in ways uncounted and unrecognized by planners and are among the most pervasive causes of enduring impoverishment and disempowerment. Consequences of Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement The consequences of DIDR depend largely on how resettlement is planned, negotiated, and carried out. In modern dam-building history, displacement strategies and resettlement schemes have ranged from positive to grim. Picciotto, Van Wicklin, and Rice (2001) point out that, in the cases of China’s Shuikou and Yantan dam projects, displacees’ incomes and living standards improved while satisfaction with resettlement was high. In contrast, the WFP report (1996) on Guatemala’s Chixoy Dam Project in the late 1970s points to the massacring of hundreds of Maya Achi Indians by local civil patrols and the country’s Armed Forces to make way for the dam’s construction. In most projects, the conditions of displacement and resettlement have fallen somewhere between these two extremes, although it is rare to find examples of positive resettlement experiences. Types of development projects causing displacement The types of development projects causing displacement range across a wide spectrum. These types of projects have been divided into three categories: dams, urban renewal and development, and natural resource extraction. Dams Of the types of development projects that bring about physical displacement, dams and their related infrastructure, including power stations and irrigation canals, stand out as the largest contributor to displacees. This is partially a product of the enormous scale of many dam projects – China’s Danjiangkou Dam displaced 383,000 people, while its ongoing Three Gorges Dam project will displace 1. 2 million. The high overall level of dam displacement is also a product of the speed with which dams have been built since 1950. The International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) reports that the world had 5,000 large dams in 1950 and over 45,000 by the late 1990s. The Narmada Sardar Sarovar Dam Project in India, which is set to displace 127,000 people, has perhaps been the most widely researched and discussed project involving forced resettlement in history. Projects like these are often claimed to be essential for raising living standards in the region or country. Yet if people are displaced by them – as for instance people are displaced from the flood plain of a dam project – and if no attention is given to them apart from removing them, then the effect of the project on these people will be to impoverish them. The overall effect, then, would be to raise the living standards of some while lowering the living standards of others. Thus we seem to be faced with the following dilemma: if the project goes ahead, people who are displaced by it will be impoverished, while even more people may be left in poverty elsewhere if the project is cancelled. Urban infrastructure and transportation Urban infrastructure and transportation projects that cause displacement include slum clearance and upgrading; the establishment of industrial and commercial estates; the building and upgrading of sewerage systems, schools, hospitals, ports, etc. ; and the construction of communication and transportation networks, including those connecting different urban centres. Natural resource extraction Principally, this category of projects includes those having to do with mineral and oil extraction. Despite their similarity, forestry extraction projects are dealt with in the research guide focusing on conservation-induced displacement. No cumulative or annual statistics are available on the number of people displaced by natural resource extraction projects world-wide; however, anecdotal evidence and figures from World Bank projects suggest that displacement in such projects is much lower than in many dam and urban renewal and development projects. INDIAN LEGISLATIONS RELATING TO DIDR National Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy, 2007 The NRRP stipulates the minimum facilities to be ensured for persons displaced due to the acquisition of land for public purposes. The objectives of the Policy are: (i) to minimize displacement and to identify non-displacing or least displacing alternatives; (ii) to plan resettlement and rehabilitation of project affected families (PAFs) or project affected households (PAHs), including tribal and vulnerable households; (iii) to provide improved standard of living to PAFs or PAHs; and (iv) to facilitate a harmonious relationship between the requiring body and PAFs. Though NRRP is applicable for projects where over 400 PAFs in the plains or 200 PAFs in hilly or tribal areas are displaced, the basic principles can be applied to resettling and rehabilitating PAFs regardless of the number affected. NRRP’s provisions are intended to mitigate adverse impacts on PAFs. While key principles of NRRP are similar, NRRP excludes linear projects (which acquire only narrow strips of land). Linear impacts and temporary linear impacts (which is the likely impact of the Program) are not covered by NRRP. Further, there is no law on resettlement in the country. The law relating to the acquisition of privately owned immoveable property is the LAA discussed in the following section. b. Land Acquisition Act, 1894 amended 1984 The LAA provides a framework for facilitating land acquisition in India. LAA enables the State Government to acquire private land for public purposes. LAA ensures that no person is deprived of land except under LAA and entitles affected persons to a hearing before acquisition. The main elements of LAA are: (i) Land identified for the purpose of a project is placed under Section 4 of the LAA. This constitutes notification. Objections must be made within 50 days to the District Collector (the highest administrative officer of the concerned District). (ii) The land is then placed under Section 6 of the LAA. This is a declaration that the Government intends to acquire the land. The District Collector is directed to take steps for the acquisition, and the land is placed under Section 9. Interested parties are then invited to state their interest in the land and the price. Under Section 11, the District Collector will make an award within 1 year of the date of publication of the declarations. Otherwise, the acquisition proceedings shall lapse. (iii) In case of disagreement on the price awarded, within 6 weeks of the award, the parties (under Section 18) can request the District Collector to refer the matter to the Courts to make a final ruling on the amount of compensation. (iv) Once the land has been placed under Section 4, no further sale or transfer is allowed. (v) Compensation for land and improvements (such as houses, wells, trees, etc. ) is paid in cash by the project authorities to the State Government, which in turn compensates landowners. vi) The price to be paid for the acquisition of agricultural land is based on sale prices recorded in the District Registrars office averaged over the three years preceding notification under Section 4. The compensation is paid after the area is acquired, with actual payment by the State taking about two or three years. An additional 30% is added to the award as well as an escalation of 12% per year from the date of notification to the final placement under Section 9. For delayed payments, after placement under Section 9, an additional 9% per annum is paid for the first year and 15% for subsequent years. ADB’s Safeguard Statement, 2009 (SPS) ADB has adopted SPS in 2009 including safeguard requirements for environment, involuntary resettlement and indigenous people. The objective of the SPS is to avoid involuntary resettlement wherever possible; to minimize involuntary resettlement by exploring project and design alternatives; to enhance, or at least restore, the livelihoods of all displaced persons in real terms relative to pre-project levels; and to improve the standards of living of the displaced poor and other vulnerable groups. The involuntary resettlement safeguards covers physical displacement (relocation, loss of residential land, or loss of shelter) and economic displacement (loss of land, assets, access to assets, income sources, or means of livelihoods) as a result of (i) involuntary acquisition of land, or (ii) involuntary restrictions on land use or on access to legally designated parks and protected areas. It covers them whether such losses and involuntary restrictions are full or partial, permanent or temporary. Followings are the basic policy principle of ADB;s SPS: (i) Identification of past, present, and future involuntary resettlement impacts and risks and determination of the scope of resettlement planning. (ii) Carry out meaningful consultations with affected persons, host communities, and concerned non-government organizations. (iii) Improvement or at least restoration of the livelihoods of all displaced persons, (iv) Ensure physically and economically displaced persons with needed assistance. (v) Improvement of the standards of living of the displaced poor and other ulnerable groups. (vi) Development of procedures in a transparent, consistent, and equitable manner if land acquisition is through negotiated settlement, (vii) Ensure that displaced persons without titles to land or any recognizable legal rights to land are eligible for resettlement assistance and compensation for loss of non-land assets. (viii) Preparation of a resettlement plan elaborating on displaced persons’ e ntitlements, the income and livelihood restoration strategy, institutional arrangements, monitoring and reporting framework, budget, and time-bound implementation schedule. ix) Disclosure of resettlement plan, including documentation of the consultation process in a timely manner to affected persons and other stakeholders. (x) Execution of involuntary resettlement as part of a development project or program. (xi) Payment of compensation and provide other resettlement entitlements before physical or economic displacement. (xii) Monitoring and assessment of resettlement outcomes, their impacts on the standards of living of displaced persons The project recognizes three types of displaced persons namely: (i) persons with formal legal rights to land lost in its entirety or in part; (ii) persons who lost the land they occupy in its entirety or in part who have no formal legal rights to such land, but who have claims to such lands that are recognized or recognizable under national laws; and (iii) persons who lost the land they occupy in its entirety or in part who have neither formal legal rights nor recognized or recognizable claims to such land. The involuntary resettlement requirements apply to all three types of displaced persons. Development induced displacement and sustainable development Displacement without an alternative to their sustenance is impoverishment Linked to impoverishment is environmental degradation. Thus it results not merely in poverty and ecological degradation but also in the weakening of the culture that ensured renewability. Data available on displacement indicate that at least 213 lakhs have been displaced or otherwise deprived of livelihood by development projects between 1951 and 1990. By now they must have crossed 300 lakhs. Most of the Displaced Persons (DPs) are from the assetless rural poor. Tribals constitute more than 40% DPs and Project Affected People (PAP)of dams and mines and 90% of the DPs from Wild Life Sanctuaries. Dalits constitute 20% of DPs and PAPs. Most of the problems connected with displacement, resettlement and rehabilitation can be traced to the Unbalanced growth strategy. Development, which has entailed many large-scale forced evictions of vulnerable populations, without the countervailing presence of policies to assist them to rebuild their lives, has only accentuated the negative aspects of displacement, such as lack of information, failure to prepare in advance a comprehensive plan for rehabilitation, the undervaluation of compensation and its payment in cash, failure to restore lost assets or livelihoods, traumatic and delayed relocation, problems at relocation sites, multiple displacement, and neglect of the special vulnerabilities of the most disadvantaged groups ETHICS OF DEVELOPMENT INDUCED DISPLACEMENT One of the social costs of development is that dams, roads, ports, railways, mines and logging displace people. In all cases displacement raises important ethical questions. What is owed to people who are displaced? Under what conditions can development that includes displacement be justified? What kind of ethical analysis can provide justification for displacement-inducing development? Three broad theoretical perspectives that can be used to test the justification of development induced displacement are the public interest, self-determination and equality. The public interest perspective is given concrete expression by cost-benefit analysis. The criterion is that of net benefits to the population as a whole. Negative side effects, including displacement, are treated as costs and the question is whether the benefits of the project or policy exceed such costs. Questions of compensation and distribution are treated as separate, political matters. It is possible for those displaced to become worse off, for these costs to be taken into account, and yet for the project or policy to generate positive net benefits. Such a line of reasoning lay behind the statement of Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister, that people displaced by dams had to make such sacrifices for the good of the country. Self-determination, on the other hand, is more an issue of freedom and control. In its libertarian form, which focuses on the self-determination of individuals, displacement – at least of property owners – is necessarily immoral. There is also a communitarian interpretation of self-determination, which is violated by the coercive removal or forced migration of whole communities. This can be a promising antidote to heavy-handed and business privileging development from the top. However, it is also too crude on its own. It ignores broader public-interest considerations, such as improved living conditions resulting from the electricity and irrigation provided by dams. One way of bringing these three perspectives together is to require self-determination by resettling populations only on the basis of negotiations and consent but not as an unqualified right to veto development activities. Public-interest and distributive-justice considerations are ethically relevant. When, however, such considerations override consent, full compensation is required (if necessary, determined by fair adjudication). If a certain development proposal cannot meet these requirements, it must be deemed unjustifiable in terms of the ethical considerations employed here. Ethical analysis to displacement inducing development recognises ethical complexity, including the possibility that such displacement may be justified if certain conditions are met. The public interest and poverty reduction, on the one hand, and self-determination and individual rights protecting against harm and coercion, on the other, stand in tension with each other. The former ethical considerations may justify certain development activities and policies even when they displace people.

This is Our Era free essay sample

The following are imaginary chapters in a 19th century book trying to educate striving women learn more about the steps to having the profession of a published writer. The chapters give insight to the few opportunities that were available in a time where there were certainly no creative writing or publishing classes.This Is Our EraChapter One: How to BeginLadies, I want to start off by saying you have come to the right place, if you want to be an author and well if you do not; then keep reading and you will soon want to. We are in an era of opportunity. There are controversies everywhere about us. Whether we should have the right to own property, have the right to vote, have custody of our children, and so much more we can fight for. Some may have lost hope or some of you do not know a way to express yourselves. Our opinions matter, it is our life. We are witnessing the upcoming of woman’s suffrage. We need to be a part of this movement, and the easiest way to do that is to write. Yes that is correct, we must write. We must demand a place alongside men and we must demand to be heard. Becoming professional writers enables us to put our opinions and trials out there so everyone can see.How exactly do you start writing? Well simple, look for a topic that interests you. I encourage you to start off with a simple topic, one such as the basic duties of a mother. Of course you would most likely start off by discussing chores a mother must fulfil and things a mother should teach to her children. This could qualify as a rough draft, not your best work. A rough draft will be similar to a sketch. You can write and feel free to make grammatical errors, things of that nature because it is not what you will be sending out. I repeat, NOT what you will be sending out. In your rough draft, your ideas could go anywhere. You can go off topic and you can express yourself without a care. After you feel like you have written enough to get you started on a real article, then you may begin. In order to begin, edit your rough writing. Take out what you believe readers would not want to hear and add things you believe a reader should hear. Look at the punctuation you have used and words you could replace. Also think about adding a title. To add a title, brainstorm. Think of everything you have written and try to summarize it all into one description. This one descriptive phrase could be a potential title. Make sure your writing is eligible and neat before you take it as a final draft. In order to captivate more readers try and add emotions, take Emily Bronte as an example (1). She is best known for her one novel wuthering heights, in which is usually described as very dark and filled with tons of emotions. The Novel is extremely popular for readers who like fantasy, horror, and melodrama. She wrote so bravely and unique that everyone was itching to read the novel. Work on being like her, add emotions and scenery. Be as descriptive as you can. Try to add things such as what being a mother means to you and what things you admire from your children, they are in fact your creations just like your writing. Be sincere, make the readers and the editor like you. Ladies, if we are all being honest, men don’t want to see us not following the roles we were given. Everyone believes that if we become writers, we lose our abilities to be mothers and to take care of a home (2). We must try and show the non-believers that we can be intelligent and be published and still know how to be a so-called â€Å"lady.† I for one am still a lady and I write an abundance every day of my life. Make them like your ideas, and your background. You cannot persuade a person who isn’t fond of you. Or maybe you can, but it would be much more difficult. So in this case, write to appeal. Now you have a decent concept of what good writing is. Look back and reread what you have wrote. Do you, yourself, think your work is good? Confidence is key when it comes to being a writer. Especially a woman writer. The next thing to do is summarize things that you think would be accepted socially and published into the magazines. Do not forget , we woman are not supposed to be so obvious with our opinions so in order to get them out you must hint at them but not entirely state them. If you would like to talk about the limited amount of schools available for us to gain more education, do it subtly. For example, tweak your view and make it seem like you are grateful for the universities we can attend and wish we would be gifted an abundance of schools to expand our knowledge to better teach our kids. This implies that you would like more higher education for woman, but you gave them a reason, they could agree to. Another topic you could write about is owning property, but again; use a more reserved strategy. You can write about how much you admire men and their ability to own land. You can somehow tie it up to yourself by writing about how much you admire and wish to be as successful and independent as them someday and somehow throw in a possibility of you owning land. This would make men readers happy you idolize their abilities, but would also make woman think about their restraints. It is all about how you use your words ladies.Once you have written a piece, you feel is good enough for submission to a magazine or even good enough to be turned into a book, you must know how to get it published. I would say look for the magazine company that gets the most recognition. You do not want to be published by a magazine no one reads. A popular magazine out now is The Godey’s Magazine. This magazine is always looking for new stories to feature and what is even better, there’s a female editor. Do not be fooled though, Sarah Josepha Hale is not one to favor woman trying to go against what society feels is our role. She is however, in favor of equal education between men and woman (3). She writes a lot about woman having more opportunities to gain more skills, but instead of wanting us to use our education to do more jobs and be more independent, she wants us to gain more knowledge to become better teachers. Like every man in our society, she isn’t in favor of the bigger picture for us but we can use her to get our opinions out easier. Aside from being an editor Hale, also writes stories that are all over The Godey’s magazine. She writes about simple topics such as health, beauty, and gardening with occasional topics of education.We can also use these topics as starting points. It is all about what we do with what we are given. Besides the Godey magazine, there are plenty of others that you can send your work to. There are magazines like The American Magazine, The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine, Casells Magazine and many more that accept women entries.(4)Francis Hodgson Burnett, started off by writing for American Magazine in order to support herself when her family went bankrupt. She is a great example. Although not many people agreed with her publishing and having kids, she did it anyway. Just like that, we must keep writing as well.Chapter Two: Things you must consider and things you must knowOnce you have chosen what magazine you would like to send your writing to its time to actually send it. But wait, make sure you have used black ink and white paper. Anything else would simply be absurd. Also, it would be best if along with your work you send something similar to what is called a cover letter. In this letter briefly state things you think they should know about you and why you write. The cover letter gives you chance to allure them and make them want to read your work to see what you are about. If they like everything about you and your work catches their attention then you are in! Congratulations my darling! Once you are in, however, there are things to expect. You WILL be looked at differently everywhere you go. Even family will look at you like you have broken some major law. You might think â€Å"no my family loves me and holds me dear to their hearts, you are wrong.† But no, love, I am right. You have done something most ladies would not have the courage to do. You did something you loved and made sure your voice was heard regardless of what people thought. But not everything is flowers and rainbows.The wrinkly, old ladies sitting at the park bench will gossip about your life and goals. The man at the grocery store will not blush while telling you how much your house hold items totaled up too and that woman that you called your closest friend, will probably ignore you. It is nothing new. People will feel like you are inferior to them and react the only way they know how, distance and separation. It is a horrible thing, really but you must now show them you are no different than you were yesterday. You can still do motherly things and you still love singing while cooking a meal. You are still a lady and do not let any foolish person tell you otherwise. Take an article in The Godey’s magazine for example, published not too long ago in 1863. It is called â€Å"A slight sketch of Miss Jumble’s career† by Hersly (5). The article is about a woman who has become a writer and is experiencing different treatment everywhere. She talks about how much her life had changed after becoming a literary star. She says that her husband would not have approached her if he had known that she was a woman writer in the first place because he would not have been able to approach her. But see, this is where that gets me. We do not need a man in our lives, it would be lovely to have a male companion but it is not a necessity. In a world where that is every women’s mission, we are smarter than that. Focus on ourselves first, men second. If a man won’t approach you in fear you’ll be too smart for him, then let it be and let a real man approach you. There are plenty of fish in the sea. Find an intelligent, brave man not one that can’t pick up his dignity to simply have a conversation with you. These are things we must aim to change. The mentality of people here is honestly so naive. She is telling her story to convince a young woman, who also wants to be a writer, why she should not lust after it. We must take into consideration everything she is saying but not so literal. Writing is great. There might be a few downfalls to being published but it is worth it the end.You have a chance to make yourself heard. Do not let the negativity bring you down. Miss jumbles was right about the drama that comes along with writing but she had her reason for writing, as do we. Aside from all of the bad things we have one major positive thing that comes with being a writer, the earnings! I must say, we do not get paid much, but we do get paid some and that is enough. You start off little by little until you are great and wealthy. I have a dream about going far in this world as woman, we all should dream big. It is what makes us human. It is what makes us equal. Being able to hope and strive for better things.FOOTNOTES:1.) The source I used to get my information was â€Å"Wolf, Abby . 19th century woman publishers . PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2014.2.) The source I used to get my information was the Godey’s articles that we viewed in class. One of the articles we viewed in class. One of the articles named â€Å"literary woman as housekeepers. † This article is about a woman who writes about the practical art of housekeeping. I incorporated that info in my chapter by talking about the conditions to being a woman and a woman writer.3.) The source I used for my information was one from google books: Our Sister Editors. Google Books. N.p. , n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2014. .† I read a couple pages to get facts regarding Sarah Josepha Hale and topics she wrote about. 4.) I used the source â€Å"http://modjourn.org//periodicals.html to get a listing of different magazines popular in the 19th century. The source helped me get dates the magazine came about and also ideas on when they stopped all together.5.) For things about Miss Jumble’s career, I used the Godey’s book source you gave as an assignment. I used the article â€Å"A slight sketch of miss jumbles career.†Sources#1: http://library.duke.edu/exhibits/britishwriters/#2: Peterson, Linda H.. Becoming a woman of letters: myths of authorship and facts of the Victorian market. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 2009. Print.#3: Our Sister Editors. Google Books. N.p. , n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2014. .#4: Wolf, Abby . 19th century woman publishers . PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2014. #5:http://modjourn.org//periodicals.html#6: Women Writers-19th Century. Women Writers-19th Century. N.p., n. d. Web. 29 Oct. 2014.#7: The New Dominion Monthly. Google Books. N. p., n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2014.